The definition of biotechnology varies, but a simple definition is the use of organisms by man. One example of biotechnology is cloning. We have been cloning plants for centuries. Each time a leaf is excised from a violet plant and placed in soil to grow a new plant, cloning has occurred. Today, we are not only doing the physical manipulation at the visual level but also on the molecular level. In modern or molecular biotechnology, we physically select the desired characteristic at the molecular level and add it to the organism's genetic makeup. 1. What is cloning? Full sentences 2. What is organism genetic makeup? Full sentences
Biotechnology is the science for this century. With its advances, we are on the first part of a great journey. Humans have expanded their understanding of the biosphere by journeying into space and exploring the depths of the ocean. We have not only been able to look at the surrounding universe and the depths below with the advancement of tools and techniques, but we also have been able to live there. The advancement tools and techniques is now allowing us to look at the universe of atoms. Biotechnology is utilizing the sciences of biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, computers, and information technology to develop tools and products that hold great promise and concern. Humans have always been "manipulating" organisms to their advantage, but now we are able to manipulate life and materials at the atomic level through nanotechnology. 3. What is a biosphere? Explain in full sentences. 4. What is meant by manipulating and organisms? Explain in full sentences.
The two schools of thought about what biotechnology is it can elicit much debate. Both use organisms to help man. Whereas modern biotechnology manipulates the genes of organisms and inserts them into other organisms to acquire the desired trait, traditional biotechnology uses the processes of organisms, such as fermentation.
Adapted with permission from Shoestring Biotechnology: Budget-Oriented High Quality Biotechnology Laboratories for Two-Year and High School co-published by the National Association of Biology Teachers and the Biotechnology Institute. Industry Facts
·Biotechnology is a $30 billion a year industry that has produced some 160 drugs and vaccines.
·There are more than 370 biotech drug products and vaccines currently in clinical trials targeting more than 200 diseases, including various cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, AIDS and arthritis.
·Biotechnology is responsible for hundreds of medical diagnostic tests that keep the blood supply safe from the AIDS virus and detect other conditions early enough to be successfully treated. Home pregnancy tests are also biotechnology diagnostic products.
·Genetic engineering is sweeping the world’s farms. Seven million farmers in 18 countries grew genetically engineered crops on 16.72 million acres last year.
·Consumers already are enjoying biotechnology foods such as papaya, soybeans and corn. Hundreds of biopesticides and other agricultural products also are being used to improve our food supply and to reduce our dependence on conventional chemical pesticides.
·Environmental biotechnology products make it possible to clean up hazardous waste more efficiently by harnessing pollution-eating microbes without the use of caustic chemicals.
·Industrial biotechnology applications have led to cleaner processes that produce less waste and use less energy and water in such industrial sectors as chemicals, pulp and paper, textiles, food, energy, and metals and minerals. For example, most laundry detergents produced in the United States contain biotechnology-based enzymes.
·DNA fingerprinting, a biotech process, has dramatically improved criminal investigation and forensic medicine, as well as afforded significant advances in anthropology and wildlife management.
·There are 1,473 biotechnology companies in the United States, of which 314 are publicly held.
·Market capitalization, the total value of publicly traded biotech companies (U.S.) at market prices, was $311 billion as of mid-March 2004.
·The biotechnology industry has mushroomed since 1992, with U.S. revenues increasing from $8 billion in 1992 to $39.2 billion in 2003.
·The U.S. biotechnology industry employed 198,300 people as of Dec. 31, 2003.
·Biotechnology is one of the most research-intensive industries in the world. The U.S. biotech industry spent $17.9 billion on research and development in 2003.
·The top eight biotech companies spent an average of $104,000 per employee on R&D in 2003.
·The biotech industry is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Source: Biotechnology Industry Organization
5. From the information above A-O please research 3 of the exciting research and development biotechnology discoveries. Complete the following questions for each one that you choose:
a. Who discovered this new technology?
b. Why is this technology important?
c. How much money was made from this technology discovery?
Please use the internet Historical Events in Biotechnology BC 1750 The Sumerians brew beer. 500 The Chinese use moldy soybean curds as an antibiotic to treat boils. 250 The Greeks practice crop rotation to maximize soil fertility. 100 Powdered chrysanthemum is used in China as an insecticide. AD: Before the 20th Century 1590 The microscope is invented by Janssen. 1663 Cells are first described by Hooke. 1675 Leeuwenhoek discovers protozoa and bacteria. 1797 Jenner inoculates a child with a viral vaccine to protect him from smallpox. 1802 The word "biology" first appears. 1824 Dutrochet discovers that tissue is composed of living cells. 1830 Proteins are discovered. 1833 The cell nucleus is discovered.
The first enzymes are isolated. 1855 The Escherichia coli bacterium is discovered. It later becomes a major research, development, and production tool for biotechnology.
Pasteur begins working with yeast, eventually proving they are living organisms. 1863 Mendel, in his study of peas, discovers that traits were transmitted from parents to progeny by discrete, independent units, later called genes. His observations lay the groundwork for the field of genetics. 1869 Miescher discovers DNA in the sperm of trout. 1877 A technique for staining and identifying bacteria is developed by Koch. 1878 The first centrifuge is developed by Laval. The term "microbe" is first used. 1879 Flemming discovers chromatin, the rod-like structures inside the cell nucleus that later come to be called "chromosomes." 1883 The first rabies vaccine is developed. 1888 The chromosome is discovered by Waldyer. AD: First Half of the 20th Century 1902 The term "immunology" first appears. 1906 The term "genetics" is introduced. 1907 The first in vivo culture of animal cells is reported. 1909 Genes are linked with hereditary disorders. 1911 The first cancer-causing virus is discovered by Rous. 1914 Bacteria are used to treat sewage for the first time in Manchester, England. 1915 Phages, or bacterial viruses, are discovered. 1919 The word "biotechnology" is first used by a Hungarian agricultural engineer. 1920 The human growth hormone is discovered by Evans and Long. 1927 Muller discovers that X-rays cause mutation. 1928 Fleming discovers penicillin, the first antibiotic. 1938 The term "molecular biology" is coined. 1941 The term "genetic engineering" is first used by a Danish microbiologist. 1942 The electron microscope is used to identify and characterize a bacteriophage- a virus that infects bacteria. 1943 Avery demonstrates that DNA is the "transforming factor" and is the material of genes. 1944 DNA is shown to be the material substance of the gene. 1949 Pauling shows that sickle cell anemia is a "molecular disease" resulting from a mutation. 1950 to 1960 1951 McClintock discovers transposable elements, or "jumping genes," in corn. 1953 Watson and Crick reveal the three-dimensional structure of DNA. 1954 Cell-culturing techniques are developed. 1955 An enzyme involved in the synthesis of a nucleic acid is isolated for the first time. 1956 The fermentation process is perfected in Japan. Kornberg discovers the enzyme DNA polymerase I, leading to an understanding of how DNA is replicated. 1957 Sickle cell anemia is shown to occur due to a change of a single amino acid. 1960 Exploiting base pairing, hybrid DNA-RNA molecules are created. Messenger RNA is discovered. 1961 The genetic code is understood for the first time. 1964 The existence of reverse transcriptase (RT) is predicted. 1967 The first automatic protein sequencer is perfected. 1969 An enzyme is synthesized in vitro for the first time. 1970s 1970 Specific restriction nucleases are identified, opening the way for gene cloning. RT is discovered independently in murine and avian retroviruses. 1971 RT is shown to have ribonuclease H (Rnase H) activity. 1972 The DNA composition of humans is discovered to be 99% similar to that of chimpanzees and gorillas. Purified RT is first used to synthesize cDNA from purified mRNA in vitro. 1973 Cohen and Boyer perform the first successful recombinant DNA experiment, using bacterial genes. 1974 The National Institute of Health forms a Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee to oversee recombinant genetic research. 1975 Colony hybridization and Southern blotting are developed for detecting specific DNA sequences. The first monoclonal antibodies are produced. 1976 The tools of recombinant DNA are first applied to a human inherited disorder. Molecular hybridization is used for the prenatal diagnosis of alpha thalassemia. Yeast genes are expressed in E. coli bacteria. 1977 Genetically engineered bacteria are used to synthesize human growth protein. 1978 North Carolina scientists Hutchinson and Edgell show it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule. 1979 The first monoclonal antibodies are produced. 1980s 1980 The U.S. Supreme Court, in the landmark case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, approves the principle of patenting genetically engineered life forms. The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Cohen and Boyer. 1981 The North Carolina Biotechnology Center is created by the state's General Assembly as the nation's first state-sponsored initiative to develop biotechnology. Thirty-five other states follow with biotechnology centers of various kinds. The first gene-synthesizing machines are developed. The first genetically engineered plant is reported. Mice are successfully cloned. 1982 Humulin, Genentech's human insulin drug produced by genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment of diabetes, is the first biotech drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration. 1983 The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is conceived. PCR, which uses heat and enzymes to make unlimited copies of genes and gene fragments, later becomes a major tool in biotech research and product development worldwide. The first genetic transformation of plant cells by TI plasmids is performed. The first artificial chromosome is synthesized. The first genetic markers for specific inherited diseases are found. Efficient methods are developed to synthesize double-stranded DNA from first-strand cDNA involving minimal loss of sequence information. 1984 The DNA fingerprinting technique is developed. The first genetically engineered vaccine is developed. Chiron clones and sequences the entire genome of the HIV virus. 1985 Fully active murine RT is cloned and overexpressed in E. coli. 1986 The first field tests of genetically engineered plants (tobacco) are conducted. Ortho Biotech's Orthoclone OKT3, used to fight kidney transplant rejection, is approved as the first monoclonal antibody treatment. The first biotech-derived interferon drugs for the treatment of cancer, Biogen's Intron A and Genentech's Roferon A, are approved by the FDA. In 1988, the drugs are used to treat Kaposi's sarcoma, a complication of AIDS. The first genetically engineered human vaccine, Chiron's Recombivax HB, is approved for the prevention of hepatitis B. 1987 Humatrope is developed for treating human growth hormone deficiency. Advanced Genetic Sciences' Frostban, a genetically altered bacterium that inhibits frost formation on crop plants, is field tested on strawberry and potato plants in California, the first authorized outdoor tests of an engineered bacterium. Genentech's tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), sold as Activase, is approved as a treatment for heart attacks. Reverse transcription and PCR are combined to amplify mRNA sequences. Cloned murine RT is engineered to maintain polymerase and eliminate Rnase H activity. 1988 Congress funds the Human Genome Project, a massive effort to map and sequence the human genetic code as well as the genomes of other species. 1989 Amgen's Epogen is approved for the treatment of renal disease anemia. Microorganisms are used to clean up the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
The gene responsible for cystic fibrosis is discovered. 1990s 1990 The first federally approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully on a 4-yearold girl suffering from an immune disorder. 1991 Amgen develops Neupogen, the first of a new class of drugs called colony stimulating factors, for the treatment of low white blood cells in chemotherapy patients. Immunex's Leukine, used to replenish white blood counts after bone marrow transplants, is approved. Genzyme's Ceredase is approved for the treatment of Gaucher's disease. 1992 The three-dimensional structure of HIV RT is elucidated.
Recombinate, developed by Genetics Institute and used in the treatment of hemophilia A, becomes the first genetically engineered blood clotting factor approved in the U.S. Chiron's Proleukin is approved for the treatment of renal cell cancer. 1993 Chiron's Betaseron is approved as the first treatment for multiple sclerosis in 20 years. The FDA declares that genetically engineered foods are "not inherently dangerous" and do not require special regulation. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) is created by merging two smaller trade associations. 1994 Genentech's Nutropin is approved for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency. The first breast cancer gene is discovered. Calgene's Flavr Savr tomato, engineered to resist rotting, is approved for sale. 1995 The first baboon-to-human bone marrow transplant is performed on an AIDS patient. The first full gene sequence of a living organism other than a virus is completed for the bacterium Hemophilus influenzae. The three-dimensional structure of a catalytically active fragment of murine RT is elucidated. 1996 Biogen's Avonex is approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The company builds a $50 million plant in Research Triangle Park, N.C., to manufacture the recombinant interferon drug. Scottish scientists clone identical lambs from early embryonic sheep. 1997 Scottish scientists report cloning a sheep, using DNA from adult sheep cells. A group of Oregon researchers claims to have cloned two Rhesus monkeys. A new DNA technique combines PCR, DNA chips, and a computer program, providing a new tool in the search for disease-causing genes. 1998 University of Hawaii scientists clone three generations of mice from nuclei of adult ovarian cumulus cells. Human skin is produced in vitro. Embryonic stem cells are used to regenerate tissue and create disorders mimicking diseases. The first complete animal genome for the elegans worm is sequenced.
A rough draft of the human genome map is produced, showing the locations of more than 30,000 genes. Cloned vain RT with fully active polymerase and minimized Rnase H activity is engineered. The Biotechnology Institute is founded by BIO as an independent national, 501(c)(3) education organization with an independent Board of Trustees. 1999 The complete genetic code of the human chromosome is first deciphered.
The rising tide of public opinion in Europe brings biotech food into the spotlight. 2000 and Beyond 2000 A rough draft of the human genome is completed by Celera Genomics and the Human Genome Project. Pigs are the next animal cloned by researchers, hopefully to help produce organs for human transplant. "Golden Rice," modified to make vitamin A, promises to help third-world countries alleviate blindness. The 2.18 million base pairs of the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis, are identified. 2001 The sequence of the human genome is published in Science and Nature, making it possible for researchers all over the world to begin developing treatments. 2002 Scientists complete the draft sequence of the most important pathogen of rice, a fungus that destroys enough rice to feed 60 million people annually. By combining an understanding of the genomes of the fungus and rice, scientists will elucidate the molecular basis of the interactions between the plant and pathogen. 2003 Dolly, the cloned sheep that made headlines in 1997, is euthanized after developing progressive lung disease. Dolly was the first successful clone of a mammal.
6. Of the biotechnology events from before the centuries -BC - began until present pick 4 that you feel are most important. Explain why these are important to you and to our society?
When most people think of opportunities for careers in biotechnology, they think of a scientist in a white coat in a laboratory developing drugs to improve the quality of life. However, biotechnology has a wide variety of career opportunities ranging from sales and marketing, to research and development, to manufacturing and quality control and assurance.
Submission DEADLINE (Submissions must be postmarked on or before October 30, 2009, but arrive no later than November 6, 2009 to be eligible for evaluation)
October 14 , 2009
Top winners notified via email
April 29, 2010-May 2, 2010
Top winning posters in each division displayed at the 2009 Biotechnology Institute Conference on Biotech Education in Chicago, IL.
May 2-5, 2010
Finalists in each division displayed at the 2010 Biotechnology Industry Organization Interntional Convention in Chicago, IL.
classroom resources There's a wealth of information on the Web about the science of biotechnology. The following list of Web resources is meant to serve as guide for sites of interest in biotechnology. Inclusion on these lists does not indicate endorsement by the Biotechnology Institute. If you would like to submit your link for inclusion, please email info@biotechinstitute.orginfo@biotechinstitute.org . Requests for links are subject to evaluation for relevance and accuracy. The following links will lead you to easy-to-use materials, brochures, and other biotechnology resources for use in the classroom or in your studies. Action Bioscience
The web site provides articles by scientists, science educators, and science students on issues related to bioscience challenges. In addition, the web site provides educators with original lessons and resources to enhance bioscience teaching. **Agricultural Research Service**
The ARS News Magazine has an article about "Brewing Better Enzyme." Redesigned barley enzymes thrive at hot temperatures, opening the way to higher productivity for brewing beer--and for making ethanol-based fuel. The Crick Papers
Explore an online showcase of papers from Francis Crick's archive. Crick, who died in 2004, discovered the structure of DNA with James Watson. The Cantankerous Pathogen The lesson guides high school and undergraduate students in how to grow bacteria in a lab, model the spread of a disease, research the resurgence of tuberculosis, design a hygiene campaign, consider two epidemic case studies and more! EN ESPAÑOL
Nuevos traducciones al español de artículos seleccionados:
- Los Microbios: Cómo Funcionan y Cómo los Cambian los Antibióticos
- El Proyecto del Genoma Humano: Una Revisión Científica y Ética Iowa State University: Biotech Resources for Grades 4-12 The site features classroom lab activities and biotechnology curriculum units from the Extension office of Iowa State University. Iowa State University: //Bacillus Thuringiensis// Curriculum "Baccillus Thuringiensis: Sharing its Natural Talent with Crops" is a four-module curriculum prepared by the Office of Biotechnology at Iowa State University and published by ISU Extension for high school teachers or extension educators to use with grades 9-12 or adult audiences. Medicines for You-Revised
A revision of Medicines for You, a lay-language flyer that describes the science of pharmacogenetics and answers questions about pharmacogenetics research is available. Meeting of the Molecules From crystallization to protein folding, basic biological and chemical processes depend on interactions among atoms and molecules. High school and beginning college students can study and manipulate these liasons at Molecular Logic from the Concord Consortium. National Institute of General Medical Sciences: The Chemistry of Health
This online science education booklet offers a sampling of how basic chemistry and biochemistry research can spur a better understanding of human health. National Institute of General Medical Sciences: Genetic Basics
The online brochure, Genetic Basics, was produced by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), which supports basic biomedical research that is not targeted to specific diseases. National Institute of General Medical Sciences: The Structures of Life
The online brochure from NIGMS focuses on structural biology. National Institutes of Health: Bioethics Resources on the Web
This Bioethics Website from the National Institute of Health (NIH) contains a broad assortment of annotated web links. The listed resources provide background information and various positions on issues in bioethics. National Cancer Institute: Quantitative PCR Primer Database
Researchers use reverse transcription PCR to measure amounts of mRNA in a cell and gauge gene activity. Find the right primers for a particular mouse or human gene at this new database from the National Cancer Institute. **Northwest Association of Biomedical Research**
Don't miss the opportunity to download a comprehensive ethics primer from Northwest Association of Biomedical Research (NAWBR). The primer contains major ethical perspective theories, lesson strategies, decision frameworks, and case studies.
University of Leeds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Protein Purification: A Laboratory Simulation This protein-based laboratory simulation allows the user to experiment with different protein purification protocols under realistic laboratory conditions. Click here to download the protein purification simulation software. Vanderbilt University Bioimages Database The Bioimages database, developed by the Department of Biological Sciences at Vanderbilt University, working in cooperation with a number of other participating institutions and agencies, has created this site that allows visitors to peruse a number of detailed image databases. The databases cover a wide range of topical and geographical areas, such as southeastern US plants and an area dedicated to providing information on plant features. Washington Biotech Foundation: "To Catch a Thief" Curriculum "To Catch a Thief: DNA is the Key" is a hands-on teaching curricula
developed by the Washington Biotechnology Foundation and available for downloading by educators for use in the classroom. Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: Unit Of Study in Agricultural Biotechnology for Grade 6-8. Take your students on a journey through the history of biotechnology from the past to the future. Start by allowing your students to see that humans have experimented with agriculture and food for centuries. In order to understand how biotechnology works, students must first examine cells and DNA. Then students can begin to discuss the implications of genetic engineering. This unit of study will help them uncover the products, possibilities, controversies and implications of this innovative science! **What Biotech Can Do For You**.
WhatCanBiotechDoForYou.com is part of a project sponsored by the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) designed to foster a conversation with the general public about biotechnology and further educate people about the contributions of this innovative sector.
1. What is cloning? Full sentences
2. What is organism genetic makeup? Full sentences
Biotechnology is the science for this century. With its advances, we are on the first part of a great journey. Humans have expanded their understanding of the biosphere by journeying into space and exploring the depths of the ocean. We have not only been able to look at the surrounding universe and the depths below with the advancement of tools and techniques, but we also have been able to live there. The advancement tools and techniques is now allowing us to look at the universe of atoms. Biotechnology is utilizing the sciences of biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, computers, and information technology to develop tools and products that hold great promise and concern. Humans have always been "manipulating" organisms to their advantage, but now we are able to manipulate life and materials at the atomic level through nanotechnology.
3. What is a biosphere? Explain in full sentences.
4. What is meant by manipulating and organisms? Explain in full sentences.
The two schools of thought about what biotechnology is it can elicit much debate. Both use organisms to help man. Whereas modern biotechnology manipulates the genes of organisms and inserts them into other organisms to acquire the desired trait, traditional biotechnology uses the processes of organisms, such as fermentation.
Adapted with permission from Shoestring Biotechnology: Budget-Oriented High Quality Biotechnology Laboratories for Two-Year and High School co-published by the National Association of Biology Teachers and the Biotechnology Institute.
Industry Facts
- · Biotechnology is a $30 billion a year industry that has produced some 160 drugs and vaccines.
- · There are more than 370 biotech drug products and vaccines currently in clinical trials targeting more than 200 diseases, including various cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, AIDS and arthritis.
- · Biotechnology is responsible for hundreds of medical diagnostic tests that keep the blood supply safe from the AIDS virus and detect other conditions early enough to be successfully treated. Home pregnancy tests are also biotechnology diagnostic products.
- · Genetic engineering is sweeping the world’s farms. Seven million farmers in 18 countries grew genetically engineered crops on 16.72 million acres last year.
- · Consumers already are enjoying biotechnology foods such as papaya, soybeans and corn. Hundreds of biopesticides and other agricultural products also are being used to improve our food supply and to reduce our dependence on conventional chemical pesticides.
- · Environmental biotechnology products make it possible to clean up hazardous waste more efficiently by harnessing pollution-eating microbes without the use of caustic chemicals.
- · Industrial biotechnology applications have led to cleaner processes that produce less waste and use less energy and water in such industrial sectors as chemicals, pulp and paper, textiles, food, energy, and metals and minerals. For example, most laundry detergents produced in the United States contain biotechnology-based enzymes.
- · DNA fingerprinting, a biotech process, has dramatically improved criminal investigation and forensic medicine, as well as afforded significant advances in anthropology and wildlife management.
- · There are 1,473 biotechnology companies in the United States, of which 314 are publicly held.
- · Market capitalization, the total value of publicly traded biotech companies (U.S.) at market prices, was $311 billion as of mid-March 2004.
- · The biotechnology industry has mushroomed since 1992, with U.S. revenues increasing from $8 billion in 1992 to $39.2 billion in 2003.
- · The U.S. biotechnology industry employed 198,300 people as of Dec. 31, 2003.
- · Biotechnology is one of the most research-intensive industries in the world. The U.S. biotech industry spent $17.9 billion on research and development in 2003.
- · The top eight biotech companies spent an average of $104,000 per employee on R&D in 2003.
- · The biotech industry is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Source: Biotechnology Industry Organization5. From the information above A-O please research 3 of the exciting research and development biotechnology discoveries. Complete the following questions for each one that you choose:
a. Who discovered this new technology?
b. Why is this technology important?
c. How much money was made from this technology discovery?
Please use the internet
Historical Events in Biotechnology
BC
1750 The Sumerians brew beer.
500 The Chinese use moldy soybean curds as an antibiotic to treat boils.
250 The Greeks practice crop rotation to maximize soil fertility.
100 Powdered chrysanthemum is used in China as an insecticide.
AD: Before the 20th Century
1590 The microscope is invented by Janssen.
1663 Cells are first described by Hooke.
1675 Leeuwenhoek discovers protozoa and bacteria.
1797 Jenner inoculates a child with a viral vaccine to protect him from smallpox.
1802 The word "biology" first appears.
1824 Dutrochet discovers that tissue is composed of living cells.
1830 Proteins are discovered.
1833 The cell nucleus is discovered.
The first enzymes are isolated.
1855 The Escherichia coli bacterium is discovered. It later becomes a major research, development, and production tool for biotechnology.
Pasteur begins working with yeast, eventually proving they are living organisms.
1863 Mendel, in his study of peas, discovers that traits were transmitted from parents to progeny by discrete, independent units, later called genes. His observations lay the groundwork for the field of genetics.
1869 Miescher discovers DNA in the sperm of trout.
1877 A technique for staining and identifying bacteria is developed by Koch.
1878 The first centrifuge is developed by Laval.
The term "microbe" is first used.
1879 Flemming discovers chromatin, the rod-like structures inside the cell nucleus that later come to be called "chromosomes."
1883 The first rabies vaccine is developed.
1888 The chromosome is discovered by Waldyer.
AD: First Half of the 20th Century
1902 The term "immunology" first appears.
1906 The term "genetics" is introduced.
1907 The first in vivo culture of animal cells is reported.
1909 Genes are linked with hereditary disorders.
1911 The first cancer-causing virus is discovered by Rous.
1914 Bacteria are used to treat sewage for the first time in Manchester, England.
1915 Phages, or bacterial viruses, are discovered.
1919 The word "biotechnology" is first used by a Hungarian agricultural engineer.
1920 The human growth hormone is discovered by Evans and Long.
1927 Muller discovers that X-rays cause mutation.
1928 Fleming discovers penicillin, the first antibiotic.
1938 The term "molecular biology" is coined.
1941 The term "genetic engineering" is first used by a Danish microbiologist.
1942 The electron microscope is used to identify and characterize a bacteriophage- a virus that infects bacteria.
1943 Avery demonstrates that DNA is the "transforming factor" and is the material of genes.
1944 DNA is shown to be the material substance of the gene.
1949 Pauling shows that sickle cell anemia is a "molecular disease" resulting from a mutation.
1950 to 1960
1951 McClintock discovers transposable elements, or "jumping genes," in corn.
1953 Watson and Crick reveal the three-dimensional structure of DNA.
1954 Cell-culturing techniques are developed.
1955 An enzyme involved in the synthesis of a nucleic acid is isolated for the first time.
1956 The fermentation process is perfected in Japan.
Kornberg discovers the enzyme DNA polymerase I, leading to an understanding of how DNA is replicated.
1957 Sickle cell anemia is shown to occur due to a change of a single amino acid.
1960 Exploiting base pairing, hybrid DNA-RNA molecules are created. Messenger RNA is discovered.
1961 The genetic code is understood for the first time.
1964 The existence of reverse transcriptase (RT) is predicted.
1967 The first automatic protein sequencer is perfected.
1969 An enzyme is synthesized in vitro for the first time.
1970s
1970 Specific restriction nucleases are identified, opening the way for gene cloning.
RT is discovered independently in murine and avian retroviruses.
1971 RT is shown to have ribonuclease H (Rnase H) activity.
1972 The DNA composition of humans is discovered to be 99% similar to that of chimpanzees and gorillas.
Purified RT is first used to synthesize cDNA from purified mRNA in vitro.
1973 Cohen and Boyer perform the first successful recombinant DNA experiment, using bacterial genes.
1974 The National Institute of Health forms a Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee to oversee recombinant genetic research.
1975 Colony hybridization and Southern blotting are developed for detecting specific DNA sequences.
The first monoclonal antibodies are produced.
1976 The tools of recombinant DNA are first applied to a human inherited disorder.
Molecular hybridization is used for the prenatal diagnosis of alpha thalassemia.
Yeast genes are expressed in E. coli bacteria.
1977 Genetically engineered bacteria are used to synthesize human growth protein.
1978 North Carolina scientists Hutchinson and Edgell show it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule.
1979 The first monoclonal antibodies are produced.
1980s
1980 The U.S. Supreme Court, in the landmark case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, approves the principle of patenting genetically engineered life forms.
The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Cohen and Boyer.
1981 The North Carolina Biotechnology Center is created by the state's General Assembly as the nation's first state-sponsored initiative to develop biotechnology. Thirty-five other states follow with biotechnology centers of various kinds.
The first gene-synthesizing machines are developed.
The first genetically engineered plant is reported.
Mice are successfully cloned.
1982 Humulin, Genentech's human insulin drug produced by genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment of diabetes, is the first biotech drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
1983 The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is conceived. PCR, which uses heat and enzymes to make unlimited copies of genes and gene fragments, later becomes a major tool in biotech research and product development worldwide.
The first genetic transformation of plant cells by TI plasmids is performed.
The first artificial chromosome is synthesized.
The first genetic markers for specific inherited diseases are found.
Efficient methods are developed to synthesize double-stranded DNA from first-strand cDNA involving minimal loss of sequence information.
1984 The DNA fingerprinting technique is developed.
The first genetically engineered vaccine is developed.
Chiron clones and sequences the entire genome of the HIV virus.
1985 Fully active murine RT is cloned and overexpressed in E. coli.
1986 The first field tests of genetically engineered plants (tobacco) are conducted.
Ortho Biotech's Orthoclone OKT3, used to fight kidney transplant rejection, is approved as the first monoclonal antibody treatment.
The first biotech-derived interferon drugs for the treatment of cancer, Biogen's Intron A and Genentech's Roferon A, are approved by the FDA. In 1988, the drugs are used to treat Kaposi's sarcoma, a complication of AIDS.
The first genetically engineered human vaccine, Chiron's Recombivax HB, is approved for the prevention of hepatitis B.
1987 Humatrope is developed for treating human growth hormone deficiency.
Advanced Genetic Sciences' Frostban, a genetically altered bacterium that inhibits frost formation on crop plants, is field tested on strawberry and potato plants in California, the first authorized outdoor tests of an engineered bacterium.
Genentech's tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), sold as Activase, is approved as a treatment for heart attacks.
Reverse transcription and PCR are combined to amplify mRNA sequences.
Cloned murine RT is engineered to maintain polymerase and eliminate Rnase H activity.
1988 Congress funds the Human Genome Project, a massive effort to map and sequence the human genetic code as well as the genomes of other species.
1989 Amgen's Epogen is approved for the treatment of renal disease anemia.
Microorganisms are used to clean up the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
The gene responsible for cystic fibrosis is discovered.
1990s
1990 The first federally approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully on a 4-yearold girl suffering from an immune disorder.
1991 Amgen develops Neupogen, the first of a new class of drugs called colony stimulating factors, for the treatment of low white blood cells in chemotherapy patients.
Immunex's Leukine, used to replenish white blood counts after bone marrow transplants, is approved.
Genzyme's Ceredase is approved for the treatment of Gaucher's disease.
1992 The three-dimensional structure of HIV RT is elucidated.
Recombinate, developed by Genetics Institute and used in the treatment of hemophilia A, becomes the first genetically engineered blood clotting factor approved in the U.S. Chiron's Proleukin is approved for the treatment of renal cell cancer.
1993 Chiron's Betaseron is approved as the first treatment for multiple sclerosis in 20 years.
The FDA declares that genetically engineered foods are "not inherently dangerous" and do not require special regulation.
The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) is created by merging two smaller trade associations.
1994 Genentech's Nutropin is approved for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency.
The first breast cancer gene is discovered.
Calgene's Flavr Savr tomato, engineered to resist rotting, is approved for sale.
1995 The first baboon-to-human bone marrow transplant is performed on an AIDS patient.
The first full gene sequence of a living organism other than a virus is completed for the bacterium Hemophilus influenzae.
The three-dimensional structure of a catalytically active fragment of murine RT is elucidated.
1996 Biogen's Avonex is approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The company builds a $50 million plant in Research Triangle Park, N.C., to manufacture the recombinant interferon drug.
Scottish scientists clone identical lambs from early embryonic sheep.
1997 Scottish scientists report cloning a sheep, using DNA from adult sheep cells.
A group of Oregon researchers claims to have cloned two Rhesus monkeys.
A new DNA technique combines PCR, DNA chips, and a computer program, providing a new tool in the search for disease-causing genes.
1998 University of Hawaii scientists clone three generations of mice from nuclei of adult ovarian cumulus cells.
Human skin is produced in vitro.
Embryonic stem cells are used to regenerate tissue and create disorders mimicking diseases.
The first complete animal genome for the elegans worm is sequenced.
A rough draft of the human genome map is produced, showing the locations of more than 30,000 genes.
Cloned vain RT with fully active polymerase and minimized Rnase H activity is engineered.
The Biotechnology Institute is founded by BIO as an independent national, 501(c)(3) education organization with an independent Board of Trustees.
1999 The complete genetic code of the human chromosome is first deciphered.
The rising tide of public opinion in Europe brings biotech food into the spotlight.
2000 and Beyond
2000 A rough draft of the human genome is completed by Celera Genomics and the Human Genome Project.
Pigs are the next animal cloned by researchers, hopefully to help produce organs for human transplant. "Golden Rice," modified to make vitamin A, promises to help third-world countries alleviate blindness.
The 2.18 million base pairs of the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis, are identified.
2001 The sequence of the human genome is published in Science and Nature, making it possible for researchers all over the world to begin developing treatments.
2002 Scientists complete the draft sequence of the most important pathogen of rice, a fungus that destroys enough rice to feed 60 million people annually. By combining an understanding of the genomes of the fungus and rice, scientists will elucidate the molecular basis of the interactions between the plant and pathogen.
2003 Dolly, the cloned sheep that made headlines in 1997, is euthanized after developing progressive lung disease. Dolly was the first successful clone of a mammal.
6. Of the biotechnology events from before the centuries -BC - began until present pick 4 that you feel are most important. Explain why these are important to you and to our society?
Adapted with permission from the Biotechnology Industry Organization, with thanks to Access Excellence and the Biotechnology Institute for information.
Careers in Biotechnology
The biotechnology industry continues to flourish nationwide. Not only are the total number of biotechnology companies increasing, but employment in the biotechnology field continues to grow as well.
Links to Career Information and Employment Opportunities
Biotechnology in the United States is a dynamic industry so there are many opportunities for employment. Below are some links to job listings and information about careers in the biotech field.
ActionBioScience.org
Adsumo: A Life Sciences Career Website
America's Job Bank
America's Recruiting, Inc.
American Society of Plant Biologists
American Society for Microbiology
BioHealthRx
BioJobNet
Biojobnetwork
BiocomBiocom Workforce
Bio-Link
BioSpace
Biotechnology Jobs, Seattle, WA
[[@http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=chemjobs\index.html|Chemistry.org]]
Eisenhower National Clearinghouse for Mathematics and Science Education
Hire Health
LifeWorks
Medzilla
NASA Kids Science News Network
Nature Jobs
NIH Careers
Pharmaopportunities Biotech Jobs
Science Jobs
SciWeb Biotechnology Career Center
Tiny Tech Jobs
Under the Microscope: Biotechnology Jobs in California
Vault
Wet Feet
7. Pick 3 biotechnology companies above. By researching - Tell me the following
a. What are some job descriptions? b. How much will you make? c. What are some of the qualifications? d. where is this company located?
Biotech Career Profiles
The biotechnology industry is constantly growing. During the past 10 years, the number of employees has increased by more than 90 percent! If you enjoy science, math, technology, investigating and solving problems, and making useful products, a career in biotechnology may be for you!
Everyone will be doing this POSTER . Must have it in by September 25
lilly BioDreaming Poster Competition
New 2009 deadline: October 2!
The Biotechnology Institute invites students to showcase their artistic talent and their commitment to the public understanding of the promise and challenges of biotechnology by participating in the annual Lilly BioDreaming Poster Competition.
Who may enter?
Please note new judging criteria and poster specifications!
Design Theme
Posters should express the concept of the role that biotechnology plays in our lives, the community, and/or in the world thereby increasing student awareness of the importance of biotechnology in their lives today and in the future.
Submission Deadline
October 2, 2009
Must be postmarked by October 2, 2009 and arriving at the Biotechnology Institute no later than October 9, 2009.
Judging Procedures
Posters will be grouped in one of the following four grade categories:
· Kindergarten - 3rd grade
· 4th grade - 6th grade
· 7th grade - 9th grade
· 10th grade - 12th grade
The posters in each grade category will be judged based on the criteria listed below. First, second, and third place will be awarded in each grade category.
Judging Criteria
1. Clear message conveyed by the text and artwork
2. The biotechnology poster theme is addressed.
3. Creativity, originality , and artistic quality .
4. Visual clarity - easily read.
5. Bright and colorful.
6. Scientific accuracy NEW!
Awards and Winners
Three winners will be selected in each grade category. The first place winner in each category will be awarded $500. The second place winner will be awarded $250. The third place winner will be awarded $100.
Top 12 winners will receive the honor of having their artwork displayed on the Biotechnology Institute's website, at the Biotechnology Institute's Annual Conference on Biotechnology Education, at the Biotechnology Industry Organization' International Convention.**Click here to view previous BioDreaming winning posters.**
Poster Specifications
· Posters must be submitted on poster or illustration board.
· Minimum 1/4" border on all sides. NEW!
· The overall dimensions shall be a minimum of 8.5 inches by 11 inches (21 cm by 29 cm) and maximum of 20 inches by 24 inches (45 cm by 60 cm). NEW!
· All artwork must be original. Copyrighted characters, such as Superman ©, or copyrighted clip art, or copyright-free clip art will not be accepted.
· Computer generated posters will not be accepted.
· Any media may be used with the exception of glitter.
· Chalk, charcoal, and pastel must be sealed with a fixative spray to prevent smearing and smudging. Keep in mind most posters may be on public display and should be easy to see or read.
· Three-dimensional entries will not be accepted. Nothing may be glued, stapled, or attached to the artwork in any way.
· Framed, matted, or laminated artwork will not be accepted.
· The use of lettering, numbering, or a corporate logo in any language on the front of the poster is not allowed with the exception of the Biotechnology Institute logo.
· Stenciled, traced, computer-generated, or commercially manufactured stick-on lettering or graphics is prohibited.
· All posters will become the property of the Biotechnology Institute.
· Posters will be judged on both the clarity of the message and the quality of the art.
Identification
Attachments 1-2 of the application, which includes the following information, must be secured on the back of the poster:
· Artist's name, age, grade
· Home address
· Telephone number
· E-mail address (can be guardian's e-mail address)
· Name of parents
· School name, address, telephone number
· Name of art instructor or classroom science teacher
· E-mail address of art instructor/classroom science teacher
· Signature
Poster Submission
Folded posters will not be accepted. Artwork should be rolled and shipped in a mailing tube or be packed and wrapped flat. Please read the poster specifications carefully as only posters that meet competition rules will be considered. The Institute cannot accept responsibility for posters lost or damaged in the mail.
Please send posters to:
2009 BioDreaming Poster Competition
Biotechnology Institute
2000 N. 14th Street
Suite 700
Arlington, VA 22201
Important Dates for the 2009 Competition
(Submissions must be postmarked on or before October 30, 2009, but arrive no later than November 6, 2009 to be eligible for evaluation)
Resources
Resources are available to assist students in preparing their message for their poster. Click here to visit our Resources page.
Need more information?
BioDreaming@biotechinstitute.org
Application
http://biotechinstitute.org/programs/documents/BioDreaming2009Application_v3Form.doc
classroom resources
There's a wealth of information on the Web about the science of biotechnology. The following list of Web resources is meant to serve as guide for sites of interest in biotechnology. Inclusion on these lists does not indicate endorsement by the Biotechnology Institute. If you would like to submit your link for inclusion, please email info@biotechinstitute.org info@biotechinstitute.org . Requests for links are subject to evaluation for relevance and accuracy.
The following links will lead you to easy-to-use materials, brochures, and other biotechnology resources for use in the classroom or in your studies.
Action Bioscience
The web site provides articles by scientists, science educators, and science students on issues related to bioscience challenges. In addition, the web site provides educators with original lessons and resources to enhance bioscience teaching.
**Agricultural Research Service**
The ARS News Magazine has an article about "Brewing Better Enzyme." Redesigned barley enzymes thrive at hot temperatures, opening the way to higher productivity for brewing beer--and for making ethanol-based fuel.
The Crick Papers
Explore an online showcase of papers from Francis Crick's archive. Crick, who died in 2004, discovered the structure of DNA with James Watson.
The Cantankerous Pathogen
The lesson guides high school and undergraduate students in how to grow bacteria in a lab, model the spread of a disease, research the resurgence of tuberculosis, design a hygiene campaign, consider two epidemic case studies and more!
EN ESPAÑOL
Nuevos traducciones al español de artículos seleccionados:
- Los Microbios: Cómo Funcionan y Cómo los Cambian los Antibióticos
- El Proyecto del Genoma Humano: Una Revisión Científica y Ética
Iowa State University: Biotech Resources for Grades 4-12
The site features classroom lab activities and biotechnology curriculum units from the Extension office of Iowa State University.
Iowa State University: //Bacillus Thuringiensis// Curriculum
"Baccillus Thuringiensis: Sharing its Natural Talent with Crops" is a four-module curriculum prepared by the Office of Biotechnology at Iowa State University and published by ISU Extension for high school teachers or extension educators to use with grades 9-12 or adult audiences.
Medicines for You-Revised
A revision of Medicines for You, a lay-language flyer that describes the science of pharmacogenetics and answers questions about pharmacogenetics research is available.
Meeting of the Molecules
From crystallization to protein folding, basic biological and chemical processes depend on interactions among atoms and molecules. High school and beginning college students can study and manipulate these liasons at Molecular Logic from the Concord Consortium.
National Institute of General Medical Sciences: The Chemistry of Health
This online science education booklet offers a sampling of how basic chemistry and biochemistry research can spur a better understanding of human health.
National Institute of General Medical Sciences: Genetic Basics
The online brochure, Genetic Basics, was produced by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), which supports basic biomedical research that is not targeted to specific diseases.
National Institute of General Medical Sciences: The Structures of Life
The online brochure from NIGMS focuses on structural biology.
National Institutes of Health: Bioethics Resources on the Web
This Bioethics Website from the National Institute of Health (NIH) contains a broad assortment of annotated web links. The listed resources provide background information and various positions on issues in bioethics.
National Cancer Institute: Quantitative PCR Primer Database
Researchers use reverse transcription PCR to measure amounts of mRNA in a cell and gauge gene activity. Find the right primers for a particular mouse or human gene at this new database from the National Cancer Institute.
**Northwest Association of Biomedical Research**
Don't miss the opportunity to download a comprehensive ethics primer from Northwest Association of Biomedical Research (NAWBR). The primer contains major ethical perspective theories, lesson strategies, decision frameworks, and case studies.
University of Leeds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Protein Purification: A Laboratory Simulation
This protein-based laboratory simulation allows the user to experiment with different protein purification protocols under realistic laboratory conditions. Click here to download the protein purification simulation software.
Vanderbilt University Bioimages Database
The Bioimages database, developed by the Department of Biological Sciences at Vanderbilt University, working in cooperation with a number of other participating institutions and agencies, has created this site that allows visitors to peruse a number of detailed image databases. The databases cover a wide range of topical and geographical areas, such as southeastern US plants and an area dedicated to providing information on plant features.
Washington Biotech Foundation: "To Catch a Thief" Curriculum
"To Catch a Thief: DNA is the Key" is a hands-on teaching curricula
developed by the Washington Biotechnology Foundation and available for downloading by educators for use in the classroom.
Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: Unit Of Study in Agricultural Biotechnology for Grade 6-8.
Take your students on a journey through the history of biotechnology from the past to the future. Start by allowing your students to see that humans have experimented with agriculture and food for centuries. In order to understand how biotechnology works, students must first examine cells and DNA. Then students can begin to discuss the implications of genetic engineering. This unit of study will help them uncover the products, possibilities, controversies and implications of this innovative science!
**What Biotech Can Do For You**.
WhatCanBiotechDoForYou.com is part of a project sponsored by the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) designed to foster a conversation with the general public about biotechnology and further educate people about the contributions of this innovative sector.